Mindfulness

STUDYCITATIONSUMMARYLINK
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness.Baer, R.A., G.T. Smith, J. Hopkins, J. Krietemeyer, and L. Toney. "Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness." Assessment 13 (2006): 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504Baer et al. evaluated the psychometric characteristics of available mindfulness self-report scales, then compiled to assess the multi-faceted impact of mindfulness.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232885729_Measuring_Mindfulness
Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational DefinitionBishop, S., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. Carmody, J., & Segal, Z. (2004) Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 11 (3): 230–241. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bph077.Bishop et al. proposes an operational definition for mindfulness for the purposes of developing an instrument to measure it. .https://goamra.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/bishop_2004.pdf
Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: Cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice.Dahl, C. J., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2015). Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: Cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(9), 515–23. PMCID: PMC4595910.Dahl et al. propose a novel classification system that categorizes specific styles of meditation into attentional, constructive, and deconstructive families based on their primary cognitive mechanisms..https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4595910/
What are the Benefits of Mindfulness? A Practice Review of Psychotherapy-Related Research.Davis, D.M., and J.A. Hayes. (2011) What are the Benefits of Mindfulness? A Practice Review of Psychotherapy-Related Research. Psychology 48(2), 198-208.A meta-analysis of the benefits and outcomes of mindfulness practice.https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/pst-48-2-198.pdf
Mindfulness and Social Justice Approaches: Bridging the Mind and Society in Social Work PracticeHick, S., & Furlotte, C. (2009). Mindfulness and Social Justice Approaches: Bridging the Mind and Society in Social Work Practice. Canadian Social Work Review / Revue Canadienne De Service Social, 26(1), 5-24.Articulates concepts of how mindfulness may affect social justice work.https://www.jstor.org/stable/41669899?seq=2#metadata_info_tab_contents
How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective.Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011b). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537–559. doi:10.1177/1745691611419671.Hölzel et al. explore several components through which mindfulness meditation exerts its effects: (a) attention regulation, (b) body awareness, (c) emotion regulation (including reappraisal and exposure, extinction, and reconsolidation), and (d) change in perspective on the self. The authors suggest that the mechanisms work synergistically, establishing a process of enhanced self-regulation. https://ftp.science.ru.nl/CSI/CompMath.Found/BrittaHolzel_LWS.pdf
Mindfulness: A practical map of practices and their transformative domains.Luberto, C. M., Shinday, N., Song, R., Philpotts, L. L., Park, E. R., Fricchione, G. L., & Yeh, G. Y. (2018). A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Meditation on Empathy, Compassion, and Prosocial Behaviors. Mindfulness, 9(3), 708–724. doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0841-8.An analysis of 26 studies of 1714 subjects, Luberto et al., found that 85% of studies showed some form of prosocial behavior improved due to meditation..The authors suggest the mechanisms for why.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6081743/

Wellbeing & Resilience

STUDYCITATIONSUMMARYLINK
Wellbeing Research in Developing Countries: Reviewing the Role of Qualitative Methods. Camfield, L., Crivello, G., & Woodhead, M. (2008). Wellbeing Research in Developing Countries: Reviewing the Role of Qualitative Methods. Social Indicators Research, 90(1), 5–31. doi: 10.1007/s11205-008-9310-zA review of the benefits of qualitative methods to understanding wellbeing among children and adults in developing countries. The authors propose that qualitative approaches are essential in understanding people’s experiences of wellbeing, and best used alongside quantitative methods.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-008-9310-z
Measuring Well-Being: A Review of InstrumentsCooke, P.J., Melchert, T.P., Connor, K. (2016). Measuring Well-Being: A Review of Instruments. The Counseling Psychologist, 44 (5), 730-757. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000016633507A literature review of definitions and measurements of well-being, and a critical evaluation of self-report instruments to measure wellbeing. 42 tools are identified and evaluated on conceptual and psychometric properties. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0011000016633507
The Challenge of Defining WellbeingDodge, R., Daly, A., Huyton, J., & Sanders, L. (2012). The challenge of defining wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), 222-235. doi:10.5502/ijw.v2i3.4A multi-disciplinary review of the many definitions of wellbeing and provides an overview of the primary theoretical perspectives. Proposes a new definition which is universal, simple and a basis for easy measurement.https://internationaljournalofwellbeing.org/ijow/index.php/ijow/article/view/89/238
The Old Wounded: Destructive Plasticity and Intergenerational TraumaFenton, B. (2018). The Old Wounded: Destructive Plasticity and Intergenerational Trauma. Humanities, 7(2), 51. doi: 10.3390/h7020051Addresses gaps in trauma theory related to intergenerational trauma. Examines Catherine Malabou’s theory of the subject of trauma, Rachel Yehuda’s research in epigenetics, and intergenerational trauma among First Nations people in Canada conducted by Amy Bombay and colleagues.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0787/7/2/51
Community approaches to trauma: Organizations' responses in RwandaHostland, E. (2012, September). Community approaches to trauma: Organizations' responses in Rwanda [Masters thesis, York University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. The findings outline a model of the delivery, tools and methods used in community approaches, as well as the contribution and challenges of the community approach in the Rwandan context. What appears to be emphasized in Rwanda is healing trauma through sharing and expression while developing social support networks and community building to relieve this trauma.https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Uo43bcTl0Peu8Oe9i-tvZSKZUnkQxazm/view
Clinical Implications of Neuroscience Research in PTSDKolk, B. A. V. D. (2006). Clinical Implications of Neuroscience Research in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071(1), 277–293. doi: 10.1196/annals.1364.022Failures of attention and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) interfere with the capacity to engage in the present: traumatized individuals “lose their way in the world.” This article discusses the implications of this research by suggesting that effective treatment needs to involve (a) learning to tolerate feelings and sensations by increasing the capacity for interoception, (b) learning to modulate arousal, and (c) learning that after confrontation with physical helplessness it is essential to engage in taking effective action.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16891578
Review of 99 self-report measures for assessing well-being in adults: exploring dimensions of well-being and developments over timeLinton, M.-J., Dieppe, P., & Medina-Lara, A. (2016). Review of 99 self-report measures for assessing well-being in adults: exploring dimensions of well-being and developments over time. BMJ Open, 6(7). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010641A review of 99 instruments measuring well-being which explores the dimensions of well-being measured and the development of tools over time.https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/7/e010641
The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work.Luther, S., Cicchetti, D. & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164 Luther et al. presents a critical appraisal of resilience, addressing criticisms and clarifying misunderstandingshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1885202/
The metatheory of resilience and resiliencyRichardson, G. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3): 307-321.Richardson presents the three waves of resilience theory and suggests practical paradigms of resiliency that empower client control and choice.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11523616_The_Metatheory_of_Resilience_and_Resiliency
Circuits and systems in stress: II. Applications to neurobiology and treatment in posttraumatic stress disorderVermetten, E., & Bremner, J. D. (2002). Circuits and systems in stress: II. Applications to neurobiology and treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 16(1), 14–38.Comprehensive working model for understanding the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies of the neurobiology of PTSD in clinical populations are reviewed.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11184335_Circuits_and_systems_in_stress_II_Applications_to_neurobiology_and_treatment_in_posttraumatic_stress_disorder
Analysing wellbeing: a framework for development practiceWhite, S.C. (2010). Analysing wellbeing: a framework for development practice. Development in Practice, 20 (2), 158-172. DOI: 10.1080/09614520903564199A framework for measuring wellbeing in development work developed by the Wellbeing in Developing Countries Research Group (WeD). Wellbeing is measured at individual, relational and collective levels, and viewed as a social process with material, relational, and subjective dimensions. Explores the potential drawbacks of using a wellbeing focus.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09614520903564199?scroll=top&needAccess=true
The Ethical Imperative of Qualitative Methods: Developing Methods of Subjective Dimensions of Well-being in Zambia and IndiaWhite, S.C. & Jha, S. (2014). The Ethical Imperative of Qualitative Methods: Developing Measures of Subjective Dimensions of Well-Being in Zambia and India. Ethics and Social Welfare, 8(3), 262-276. DOI: 10.1080/17496535.2014.93241Argues the critical role of qualitative methods of measuring subjective aspects of well-being, drawing on primary research in Zambia and India. Demonstrates the political, ethical and policy implications of such qualitative research methods for measuring well-being.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17496535.2014.932416
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Empowerment & Agency

STUDYCITATIONSUMMARYLINK
Measuring Empowerment in Practice: Structuring Analysis and Framing Indicators. Alsop, R. and Heinsohn, N. (2005, Feb). Measuring Empowerment in Practice: Structuring Analysis and Framing Indicators. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3510.Alsop & Heinsohn present an analytic framework that can be used to measure and monitor empowerment processes and outcomes. The measuring empowerment (ME) framework, rooted in both conceptual discourse and measurement practice, illustrates how to gather data on empowerment and structure its analysis. The framework can be used to measure empowerment at both the intervention level and the country level, as a part of poverty or governance monitoring. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8856
Three-Dimensional Model of Women’s Empowerment: Implications in the Field of Microfinance and Future DirectionsHuis, M. A., Hansen, N., Otten, S., & Lensink, R. (2017). A Three-Dimensional Model of Women’s Empowerment: Implications in the Field of Microfinance and Future Directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01678Huis et al., propose a Three-Dimensional Model of Women's Empowerment to integrate previous findings and to gain a deeper understanding of women's empowerment https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Three-Dimensional-Model-of-Women%E2%80%99s-Empowerment%3A-Huis-Hansen/a2543a87aa59ac89c6ee44855a8112c3fc4e35a7
Agency and Empowerment: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable IndicatorsIbrahim, S., & Alkire, S. (2007). Agency and Empowerment: A Proposal for Internationally Comparable Indicators. Oxford Development Studies, 35(4), 379–403. doi: 10.1080/13600810701701897Solava Ibrahim and Sabina Alkire offer both a theoretically comprehensive literature review and a methodologically rigorous attempt to develop reliable, actionable metrics for practitioners. The article surveys theories of empowerment and ultimately adopts Sen’s definition, supplemented by Rowlands’ typology of power. The authors then provide a set of internationally comparable, field-tested indicators and survey questions.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13600810701701897?src=recsys&journalCode=cods20
Measuring Empowerment? Ask Them: Quantifying qualitative outcomes from people’s own analysis: Insights for results-based management from the experience of a social movement in Bangladesh. Jupp, D., Ibn Ali, S. (2010) Measuring Empowerment? Ask Them: Quantifying qualitative outcomes from people’s own analysis: Insights for results-based management from the experience of a social movement in Bangladesh. Stockholm: Sida Studies in Evaluation.Jupp & Ali offer insights for measuring empowerment using a results-based process based on the experience of a social movement in Bangladesh.https://www.oecd.org/derec/sweden/46146440.pdf
Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s EmpowermentKabeer, N. (1999) Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment, Development and Change 30: 435-464.Naila Kabeer’s foundational conception of empowerment as an expanded ability to make choices has been enormously influential, both theoretically and practically. Since the 1990s, and especially in the early 2000s, Kabeer’s methodologies and frameworks have been adopted by major international organisations like the United Nations Development Programme and the World Bank.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
Questioning Empowerment: Working with Women in HondurasRowlands, J. (1997) Questioning Empowerment: Working with Women in Honduras. Oxford, UK and Dublin, IR: Oxfam (UK and Ireland).Jo Rowlands’ critical feminist intervention questions the imprecise and frequently abstract ways that the term ‘empowerment’ is used in development discourses. Rowlands proposes a more specific typology of power, since not all increases in power and agency are socially beneficial, and suggests that self-belief and perceived agency matter as much as, if not more than, opportunity alone.https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/121185/bk-questioning-empowerment-honduras-010197-en.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y
Development as FreedomSen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom. New York: Knopf Press.Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach was fundamental to popularising empowerment and agency as goals and methods of development work. Sen argues that an individual’s ability to achieve well-being is of primary moral importance, and that such freedom is best understood according to a person’s real opportunities to achieve it, i.e. their capabilities.http://www.c3l.uni-oldenburg.de/cde/OMDE625/Sen/Sen-intro.pdf
Action on Agency: A Theoretical Framework for Defining and Operationalizing Agency in Girls' Life Skills ProgramsSidle, A.A. (2019, February). Action on agency: A theoretical framework for defining and operationalizing agency in girls' life skills programs. Cornell University Working Paper #313. Sidle offers an operational definition of agency based on a comprehensive literature and an examination of the work of 18 organizations working with adolescent girls in East Africa.https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Action-on-Agency-%3A-A-Theoretical-Framework-for-and-Sidle/c852132ee150660471b091440bf1d8f93e868361
Methods, methodologies and epistemologies in the study of gender and politicsTripp, A.M & Hughes, M.M. (2018) Methods, methodologies and epistemologies in the study of gender and politics, European Journal of Politics and Gender 1(1-2): 241-57.Aili Mari Tripp and Melanie Hughes review the methods, methodologies and epistemologies that scholars of gender and politics have employed over time. The article offers a useful discussion of the current possibilities and limits of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods approaches.#

Social & Emotional Intelligence

STUDYCITATIONSUMMARYLINK
Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: A comparison of self-report and performance measures of emotional intelligenceBrackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., Shiffman, S., Lerner, N., & Salovey, P. (2006). Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: A comparison of self-report and performance measures of emotional intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 780–795. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.780Three studies used J. D. Mayer and P. Salovey’s (1997) theory of emotional intelligence (EI) as a framework to examine the role of emotional abilities (assessed with both self-report and performance measures) in social functioning. http://www.eiconsortium.org/pdf/Brackett.Rivers.Shiffman.Lerner.Salovey.JPSP.2006.pdf
Working Paper: How Mindful Compassion Practices can Cultivate Social and Emotional LearningLudvik, M.B. and Eberhart, T.L. (2018, September). Working Paper: How Mindful Compassion Practices can Cultivate Social and Emotional Learning. UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development.Ludvik & Eberhart explore mindfulness-based compassion practices that support social-emotional learning outcomes. https://www.academia.edu/37676796/How_Mindful_Compassion_Practices_Can_Cultivate_Social_and_Emotional_Learning
The Measurement of Emotional Intelligence: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners.O’Connor, P.J., Hill, A., Kaya, M, and Martin, B. (2019, May 28). The Measurement of Emotional Intelligence: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners. Frontiers in Psychology. 10(1116). Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01116.In this paper O’Connor et al. seek to provide guidance to researchers and practitioners seeking to utilize EI in their work. They first provide an overview of the different conceptualizations of EI. They then provide a set of recommendations for practitioners and researchers regarding the most appropriate measures of EI for a range of different purposes. They provide guidance both on how to select and use different measures of EI. They conclude with a comprehensive review of the major measures of EI in terms of factor structure, reliability, and validity.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6546921/
Emotional Intelligence: Popular but Elusive ConstructPfeiffer, S. I. (2001). Emotional intelligence: Popular but elusive construct. Roeper Review, 23(3), 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783190109554085 Two important bodies of writing on El, the work of Daniel Goleman and Peter Salovey & John Mayer, are discussed as illustrative of recent theorizing on El. The article discusses conceptual and measurement problems that presently challenge the usefulness of the El construct.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02783190109554085
Emotional IntelligenceSalovey, P. and Mayer, J.D. (1990) "Emotional Intelligence," Imagination, Cognition and Personality, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.185-211This article presents a framework for emotional intelligence, a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan, and achieve in one's life.https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
The Positive Psychology of Emotional IntelligenceSalovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D., & Yoo, S. H. (2009). The positive psychology of emotional intelligence. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Oxford library of psychology. Oxford handbook of positive psychology, (p. 237–248). Oxford University Press.Emotional intelligence is best measured as a set of abilities using tasks rather than self-judgment scales. When emotional intelligence is measured in this way it shows discriminant validity with respect to "cognitive" intelligence, personality traits, and social desirability, which is generally not the case for self-judgment measures. Promising interventions designed to improve emotional intelligence have been developed for school children and managershttps://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-05143-022
Social Empathy: A Model Built on Empathy, Contextual Understanding, and Social Responsibility that Promotes Social JusticeSegal, E. (2011) Social Empathy: A Model Built on Empathy, Contextual Understanding, and Social Responsibility That Promotes Social Justice, Journal of Social Service Research, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 266-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2011.564040Social empathy provides a framework for more effective social policies that address disparities and support social and economic justice for all people. The three components of the model—individual empathy, contextual understanding, and social responsibility—are explored and explained.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01488376.2011.564040?src=recsys
Social Emotional Learning: Past, Present and FutureWeissberg, R. P., Durlak, J. A., Domitrovich, C. E., & Gullotta, T. P. (2015). Social and emotional learning: Past, present, and future. In Durlak, J.A., Domitrovich, C.E., Weissberg, R.P., & Gullotta, T.P. (Eds.), Handbook of social and emotional learning: Research and practice (pp. 3–19). The Guilford Press.Provides a conceptual framework for social and emotional learning (SEL). Highlights the need to coordinate SEL with kindred approaches that promote positive school climates and cultures, and enhance students' intrapersonal, interpersonal, and cognitive competence. Summarizes some of the major research findings that clarify the evidence base for SEL programs.https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2015-24776-001
Helping Behavior, Dispositional Empathetic Concern, and the Principle of CareWilhelm, M. and Bekkers, R. (2010). Helping Behavior, Dispositional Empathetic Concern, and the Principle of Care. Social Psychology Quarterly. 73(1), 11-32. doi: 10.1177/0190272510361435.This research investigates the relative strength of two correlates of helping behavior: dispositional empathic concern and a moral principle to care about others. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48321241_Helping_Behavior_Dispositional_Empathic_Concern_and_the_Principle_of_Care

Community & Belonging

STUDYCITATIONSUMMARYLINK
The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human MotivationBaumeister, R. & Leary, M. (1995, June). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 Baumeister and Leary explore the belonging hypothesis. https://www.academia.edu/35868543/The_Need_to_Belong_Desire_for_Interpersonal_Attachments_as_a_Fundamental_Human_Motivation
Who Is This “We”? Levels of Collective Identity and Self RepresentationsBrewer, M. & Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this “We”? Levels of collective identity and self representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 71(1), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.83This article provides a conceptual review of research and theory of the social self, arguing that the personal, relational, and collective levels of self-definition represent distinct forms of self-representation with different origins, sources of self-worth, and social motivations. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232469632_Who_Is_This_We_Levels_of_Collective_Identity_and_Self_Representations
Sense of Community: Advances in Measurement and ApplicationChavis, D. & Pretty, G. (1999). Sense of community: Advances in measurement and application. Journal of Community Psychology, 27(6), 635-642. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199911)27:6%3C635::AID-JCOP1%3E3.0.CO;2-F This article summarizes theoretical and methodological advances in the study and application of a sense of community. https://www.academia.edu/18671961/Sense_of_community_Advances_in_measurement_and_application
Psychological Sense of Community: Measurement and ApplicationGlynn, T. (1981). Psychological Sense of Community: Measurement and Application. Human Relations 34(7): 789-818.The development and testing of an instrument designed to measure '"psy-chological sense of community" (PSC) is described. A discussion of the historical background of the PSC concept is presented and results of the use of the instrument is described.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001872678103400904
Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory.McMillan, D. & Chavis, D. (1986). Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory. Journal of Community Psychology. 14(1), 6-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:13.0.CO;2-I This article attempts to describe the dynamics of the sense-of-community force — to identify the various elements in the force and to describe the process by which these elements work together to produce the experience of sense of community.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235356904_Sense_of_Community_A_Definition_and_Theory
Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster ReadinessNorris, F., Stevens, S., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. & Pfefferbaum, R. (online: 2007, December 22). Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 127-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6 Drawing upon literatures in several disciplines, we present a theory of resilience that encompasses contemporary understandings of stress, adaptation, wellness, and resource dynamics. The authors propose that to build collective resilience, communities must reduce risk and resource inequities, engage local people in mitigation, create organizational linkages, boost and protect social supports, and plan for not having a plan, which requires flexibility, decision-making skills, and trusted sources of information that function in the face of unknowns.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5691020_Community_Resilience_as_a_Metaphor_Theory_Set_of_Capacities_and_Strategy_for_Disaster_Readiness